Mechanism of Action
Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that mimics the effects of endogenous GLP-1. It works through several key mechanisms:
- Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion: Semaglutide stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner, enhancing glucose homeostasis.
- Inhibition of Glucagon Secretion: It reduces the secretion of glucagon from pancreatic α-cells, decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and maintaining stable blood glucose levels.
- Delayed Gastric Emptying: Semaglutide slows down gastric emptying, which helps reduce postprandial blood glucose spikes and contributes to a feeling of satiety.
- Appetite Regulation: By acting on the central nervous system, semaglutide activates anorexigenic signaling pathways, reducing food intake and promoting weight loss.
- Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects: Semaglutide modulates inflammation and oxidative stress through pathways such as AMPK/SIRT1, reducing the activity of pro-inflammatory factors like NF-κB.
Applications
- Type 2 Diabetes Management: Semaglutide is used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Weight Management: It is also indicated for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight with at least one weight-related comorbidity.
- Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Semaglutide has been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established cardiovascular disease.
Dosage Instructions
- Initial Dose: Start with a 0.25 mg subcutaneous injection once weekly for the first 4 weeks.
- Maintenance Dose: After 4 weeks, increase the dose to 0.5 mg once weekly. If additional glycemic control is needed, the dose can be increased to 1 mg once weekly.
- Injection Instructions: Administer semaglutide subcutaneously in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Rotate injection sites to avoid lipodystrophy.
- Missed Dose: If a dose is missed, administer as soon as possible within 5 days. If more than 5 days have passed, skip the missed dose and resume the regular schedule.
Storag
- Unopened Pens: Store refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Do not freeze.
- Opened Pens: Once opened, pens can be stored at room temperature (not exceeding 30°C/86°F) for up to 8 weeks.
- Protection from Light and Heat: Keep the medication away from direct sunlight and high temperatures.
